Operant learning is a process by which a specific behavioural response (such as a lever press) is associated with a biologically salient stimulus known as a reinforcer (such as food). Bruijns et al.

Most operant conditioning circuits predominantly focus on simple feedback process, few studies consider the intricacies of feedback outcomes and the uncertainty of feedback time. This paper proposes a ...

Abstract: Currently, the research in memristor-based associative memory neural networks pays more attention to classical conditioning and lays less attention to operant conditioning. Moreover, a ...

Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia. David Kindness is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) and an expert in the fields of ...

Classical conditioning is a way to learn using unconscious associations. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning when dogs started to salivate at the sound of a bell before they got food. The ...

Their common characteristic is that institutions make little or no long-term commitment to faculty holding these positions. Today, a large proportion of faculty appointments are part-time. Both ...