Parasitism: Rafflesia, the world’s largest flower, takes water and nutrients from the host plant it grows on.

Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where all species involved benefit from their interactions. While mutualism is highly complex, it can be roughly broken down into two types of ...

Through the facilitation of partners, mutualism allows organisms to excel in otherwise marginal habitats, avoid competition, exploit new niches and buffer environmental variability. For example ...

The Lotka-Volterra model with linear functional responses provided little theoretical foundation for the population dynamics of mutualism. May (1976) explicitly stated: "Lotka-Volterra models ...