Earth may have produced much of its water during the planet's formation, as rocky pebbles reacted with the hydrogen-rich ...

Understanding the concentrations and distributions of water on the Moon is critical to understanding its formation and evolution, and to providing water resources for future human exploration. A new ...

The Giant Impact Hypothesis has long fascinated scientists as the leading explanation for the Moon's formation. Around 4.5 billion years ago, the Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet called Theia ...

Earth’s surface environment hosts large reservoirs of hydrogen (H, mainly in the form of water, H2O), nitrogen (in atmospheric N2) and carbon (mainly in carbonate rocks). H, N and C are sometimes ...

Earth and Mars may have formed through very different processes, despite developing as neighbors in the early solar system.

Chemical clues and computer simulations suggest the two rocky planets have unique origin stories. By Robin George Andrews Making planets is an extreme enterprise. Although it starts with dust and gas ...

Computational modeling shows that plate tectonics weren't necessary for early continents. The formation of Earth's continents billions of years ago set the stage for life to thrive. But scientists ...