The above figure, called the Boring Figure, is the most famous of the “ambiguous illusions,” which can be seen as two different figures, depending on how one looks at them. We’ll tell you how ...

For example, the following sentence lends itself to two possible interpretations: (1) Old men and women left the theater. What does “old” modify in this sentence? “Men” or “men and women”? In other ...

This is the last in a series of four articles on what strategy should look like in a world that is volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA). In the previous three articles I outlined the ...

As we continue to receive news of the spread of the coronavirus, we are learning to adapt individually and collectively. We sense this is a major disruption with far-ranging impact. We are uncertain ...

To maintain the idea that we are moral people, we tend to lie or cheat only to the extent that we can justify our transgressions. New research suggests that situational ambiguity is one such avenue ...

Most people are ambiguity averse, meaning that they prefer to make decisions when they face known probabilities (risk), rather than unknown probabilities (ambiguity). In the real world, investment ...